Almost 1,000 years ago,a man assembled an armada of 15,000 warriors. 大约1000年前，一个人组建了一支由15000名战士组成的“无敌舰队”。
He had made Normandy a rich, powerful land, 他把诺曼底，变成了富饶强大的地方,
but hatred was at his door. 但仇恨，就在他的门前。
Mocked, detested and envied,his burning ambition led him 在众人的嘲笑、憎恨和嫉妒下，他的雄心壮志使他
to formulate a wild, yet meticulously planned scheme 制定了一个，狂野而又精心策划的计划:
to invade England and become king. 入侵英格兰，成为国王。
For this, he would go down in history as William the Conqueror. 因此，他将作为“征服者威廉”而载入史册。
征服者威廉 翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick
What remains of his story? 有关他的故事，还有什么要说的吗？
Largely erased, forgotten and left in ruins, traces do remain. 大部分被抹去，被遗忘，留在废墟中，但痕迹尚留。
Thus the line between one man's dream and historic reality becomes blurred. 因此，一个人的梦想，和历史现实之间的界限，变得模糊。
It could be a bit higher,but it's not bad. 这应该更高些，但这也挺好。
Yes, the neck was totally bare. 是的，把后脑头发全剃光。
We can see their shaven necks on the Bayeux Tapestry. 我们可以在“贝叶挂毯”上，看到他们剃光的后脖梗子。
It probably helped when wearing the helmet,or the headgear that went underneath. 这样可能有助于，他们戴头盔，或戴在头盔下面戴头饰。
Our story begins with a little riddle. 我们的故事，开始于一个小谜语。
The exact date of William's birth has never been known. 威廉的确切出生日期，从未为人所知。
But it is commonly accepted that he was born around 1027. 但人们普遍认为，他出生于1027年左右。
What we know for certain is that he was raised in Falaise in Normandy, 我们可以肯定的是，他在诺曼底的法莱斯长大，
in the castle of his father,Robert the Magnificent. 在他父亲的城堡里，也就是“伟大的罗伯特”。
As the Duke of Normandy,his father had influence. 作为诺曼底公爵，他的父亲很有影响力。
His mother Arlette however was a local girl with no noble blood. 然而，他的母亲阿莱特，是一个没有贵族血统的当地女孩。
William was therefore considered a bastard. 威廉因此被认为是私生子。
What was going on at this grandious ceremony? 在这个盛大的仪式上，发生了什么?
What was Robert the Magnificent's plan? “伟大的罗伯特”的计划是什么？
Before setting off on a pilgrimage,Robert the Magnificent, 在开始朝圣之前，伟大的罗伯特， （皮埃尔.布艾，下诺曼底大区，卡昂大学拉丁语教授）
the duke who ruled Normandy from 1030 to 1035, officially enthroned 他在1030年至1035年统治诺曼底，正式把爵位传给
little William when he was only seven. 年仅7岁的小威廉。
He inherited a duchy with theoretically the recognition of nobles. 他继承了一个，理论上得到贵族们认可的公国。
But they did not uphold their commitment. 但是，那些贵族却不心甘情愿。
我可以下跪，并口头承认。
但我的心中有个梦想：
杀掉威廉，那个杂种。
Upon the death of Robert the Magnificent,the Normans contested young William for two reasons. “伟大的罗伯特”死后，诺曼人争夺年轻的威廉有两个原因。
Firstly, because he was a bastard. 首先，因为他是个私生子。
It wasn't as fashionable as in the previous century, 这并不像前一个世纪那么流行，
when practically all the Dukes of Normandy 当时几乎所有的诺曼底公爵
were of illegitimate birth. 都是私生子。
Secondly, because he was a child 其次，因为他还是个孩子，
and certain ambitious uncles of William 威廉的一些野心勃勃的叔叔们
were staking their claim to power. 正在争夺权力。
At one point, around 1045,they tried to assassinate him in Valognes. 大约在1045年，他们曾试图在瓦洛涅刺杀他。
阿奎斯、布朗涅和泰松的领主，
认为这会要了我们的性命，
我们得杀了威廉，让他去死。
我们以我们的剑发誓。
Luckily a jester in Valognes, 幸运的是，瓦洛涅的一个小毛贼，
a close friend of William called Gaul, 是威廉的好友，名叫高尔，
overheard the would be assassins and their accomplices plotting. 无意中，听到刺客和他们的同伙在密谋。
He went straight to wake the Duke in his bed,and ordered him to leave as quickly as possible. 他立刻去叫醒，躺在床上的公爵，命令他尽快离开。
Taking only a cloak and jump on his horse or be murdered in a matter of minutes. 只拿一件斗篷，跳上马，否则几分钟内，就会被杀。
William fled and rode all night towards Falaise. 威廉骑马逃走了，连夜奔回了法莱斯。
He must have crossed the ford of the Bois des Fays, which was extremely dangerous. 他一定是涉水穿过了，极其危险的法耶斯森林沼泽。
He must have crossed the Besson,avoiding the towns where accomplices may be waiting. 他一定是渡过了贝松河，避开了可能有刺客同伙埋伏的城镇。
He also crossed the forest of Boisville. 它也穿过了博斯维尔的森林。
This flight helped forge the myth of William as young, brave and headstrong. 这次飞奔，帮助塑造了威廉那年轻，勇敢，坚强的神话。
A bastard and a loner,capable of riding 150 kilometers with killers at his heels. 一个私生子和一个孤独的人，被刺客追杀，能够骑行150公里。
Texts of the time transform this event into legend, but struggle to authenticate the details. 那个时代的文字，将这一事件变成了传奇，但却难以证实细节。
Was William's horse spooked? 威廉的马是受惊了吗？
Perhaps William was unseated. 也许是威廉是从马上摔了下来。
What if there never was a river to cross? 如果根本就没有一条可以渡过的河呢?
What can historians say with certainty? 历史学家能肯定地说些什么呢？
In fact, just what do we know about William? 事实上，我们对威廉了解多少?
It was all so long ago. 毕竟，时代过去很久了。
What was he really like? 他会像什么呢？
We obviously have portraits of William from the 14th,15th and 19th centuries. 很明显，我们有创作于14、15和19世纪威廉的肖像。
Even statues like the one in Falaise. 甚至在法莱斯，还有他的雕像。
And this is a more or less romantic vision of the character, not based on anything historical. 这些都是一个或多或少的浪漫的观点，而不是基于任何历史事实。
William never doubted his own legitimacy. 威廉从未怀疑过他自己的合法性。
Most of the Dukes of Normandy came from illegitimate marriages. 大多数诺曼底公爵的婚姻，都是不平等的。
Consequently, he was totally in line with his ancestors and considered 因此，他与他的祖先是一脉相承的，
that those who challenged his legitimacy were rebels. 并认为那些，挑战他的合法地位的人，是反叛者。
And that it was his duty to punish them for that. 惩罚他们，是他的责任。
William took refuge in Falaise,and there aged 18 took his first political initiative. 威廉把法莱斯当成他的避难所，在那里，他长到了18岁，获得了政治上的主动权。
He called upon his sovereign, the king of France, 他拜谒了他的君主，法兰西国王，
and with his help was able to bring down the accomplices 在君主的帮助下，他能够打败了那帮
who wanted to take his power, 要夺走他的权力的人，
that was the Battle of Val-es-Dunes. 这就是“瓦尔沙丘之战”。
William and the king faced between one and 2,000 warriors 威廉和国王面对的是由叛乱贵族指挥的
commanded by the rebel barons with the bewitching names, 一到两千名战士，这些人的名字都很迷人，分别是，
Ranulph de Briquessart,Grimoald du Plessis, 拉努夫·德·布里凯萨特、格里莫尔德·杜·普莱西斯
and Hamon le Dentu. 和哈蒙·勒·丹图。
Historians consider that it was a great battle 历史学家认为这是一场伟大的战役，
and a chance for William to prove his worth. 也是威廉证明自己价值的机会。
They even say that the fighting was so terrible,and the massacre on such a scale 他们甚至说战斗是如此可怕，屠杀的规模如此之大，
that the river Orne ran red with blood. 以至于奥恩河都被血染红了。
William settled in Caen,where he built his castle 威廉在卡昂定居，并在那里建造了城堡，
making the town the capital of lower Normandy. 使卡昂成为下诺曼底的首府。
It's hard to pick one's way through this warren of ruins today. 现在，在这些遗迹中，很难找寻当年的景象了。
What here dates back to William? 自威廉后，这里发生了什么？
The ramparts, the ditches, the keep, 城墙，壕沟，主楼，
the artillery turrets are just a succession of changes wrought through the centuries. 炮塔，都是在这几个世纪以来，发生的变化。
Yet on the ground there are traces that give us a clue 在这片土地上，我们可以看到一些痕迹，
as to what the castle and the town might have been like around the year 1000. 我们可以看到，在一千年前的城堡和城镇。
Perhaps a castle, peace, wealth, 也许是城堡，安宁，财富，
all that was missing from the perfect picture was a wife. 就像从一名妇人完美的肖像画中，都消失不见了。
我是诺曼底公爵，我要吻我的新娘。
William and Matilda formed a couple unlike most others in the Middle Ages. 威廉和玛蒂尔达不像是，中世纪普通的夫妻那样结合。
All their lives, they were faithful to one another,and William had no known mistress, nor bastard. 所有的生活都是忠诚的，而威廉没有情妇，也没有私生子。
He chose Matilda, daughter of the Count of Flanders,one of the most powerful figures of the time. 他选择了玛蒂尔达，弗兰德斯伯爵的女儿，当时最强大的人物之一。
Matilda was a descendant of the kings of France, the Carolingians, 玛蒂尔达是法国国王的后裔，加洛林家族的后裔，
so the bastard was marrying into the highest royal line. 所以这个私生子是最高王室的后裔。
快点，有200多人在等着呢！
News of the marriage was heard in Rome,where Pope Leo IX did not accept it for reasons 在罗马的教皇利奥九世听说后，不接受
of fifth degree consanguinity between William and Matilda. 威廉和玛蒂尔达之间,超过了的五代血缘关系。
He therefore banned the marriage. 教皇不允许他们结婚。
But that did not stop William from marrying Matilda,either in 1050 or in 1051, 但这并没有阻止威廉，在1050年或1051年，娶了玛蒂尔达，
in Eure on the edge of the duchy of Normandy. 就在诺曼底公国的厄尔。
William was a builder. 威廉是个建设者。
He and Matilda built the men's abbey and the woman's abbey in Caen. 他和玛蒂尔达，在卡昂建造了，男子修道院和女子的修道院。
Acts of allegiance that must have gone down well in Rome with Pope Nicholas II, 这项禁令，直到罗马教皇变成了尼古拉斯二世，才被取消，
with whom William had made his peace. 威廉与罗马教廷的关系得到改善。
Could we imagine that William's story ends here? 我们能想象，威廉的故事，就这样结束吗?
Good husband and father,pious Christian, occasional builder, 好丈夫好父亲，虔诚的基督徒，偶尔还指挥工程建设，
could William have become a provincial nobleman? 难道威廉就这样，仅仅成为一个乡绅吗?
No. 不。
No, there was no room for routine. 不，这里这里没有平庸者生存的空间。
The surprise, when it came, came from England. 意外的事来了，来自于英格兰。
Edward the Confessor took the throne after a 28 year exile in Normandy. “忏悔者爱德华”在诺曼底流亡28年后继位。
He had no heir and so he chose William to succeed him. 他没有继承人，所以他选择威廉，来继承他的英格兰王位。
Thus he overlooked his English brother-in-law Harold. 因此，爱德华忽略了，他那位在英国的妹夫，哈罗德。
In 1064, Harold set sail to come and meet William. 1064年，哈罗德起航去会见威廉。
And when he landed on the Ponthieu coast to the north of Normandy, 当他在诺曼底北部的庞迪厄海岸登陆时，
he was taken prisoner and William ordered his release. 他被俘虏了，威廉下令释放他。
It was at that time in fact,that the Bayeux Tapestry was begun. 实际上，“贝叶挂毯”就是在那个时候，开始制作的。
A treasure of humanity,a treasure trove for any historian. 这简直是人类的宝库，也是任何一位历史学家探究的宝库。
A work of propaganda,as well as a powerful testimony of the manners of the time. 这是一部宣传作品，也是对当时生活方式的有力证明。
The Bayeux Tapestry also told of what was to come, “贝叶挂毯”还讲述了，即将发生的事情，
of the upheaval in William's life,and far more besides. 威廉生活中的剧变，还有更多的故事。
We know the Bayeux Tapestry was exhibited in early July 我们知道，“贝叶挂毯”每年7月初
every year for the Feast of Relics in Bayeux Cathedral. 都会在贝叶大教堂的圣物节日上展出。
It was laid out in the nave,so as to be completely visible to the public who came to the cathedral. 它被放置在中殿里，以便来到大教堂的公众，一览无余。
The crowd jostles to relive the adventures of William and Harold. 人群聚集在一起，重温威廉和哈罗德的冒险经历。
Here they are setting off to wage war together in Brittany. 这是他们一起出发，在布列塔尼发动战争。
It seems that a friendship grew between the two men, 两人之间似乎建立起了友谊，
but William was wary of Harold's ambition and asked him to swear on the relics 但威廉对哈罗德的野心很警惕，要求他在这些圣物上发誓，
to promise to back his claim to the throne of England. 承诺支持他（威廉）对英格兰王位的所有权。
This oath was probably sworn in the crypt of Bayeux Cathedral. 这个誓言可能是，在贝叶大教堂的地窖里宣誓的。
One thousand years on the crypt is still there, identical 一千年前的地窖仍然在那里，和当时一模一样，
aside from paintings that an untrained eye might think were of that period. 没有历史修养的人，可能一眼就会认为，这就是那个时期的绘画。
But which were actually added 400 years later. 但这是在400多年后，才由后人添加上去的。
The text of the oath was authenticated, 宣誓文本经过鉴定，
transcribed according to the testimonies of several who took part in the ceremony. 是根据参加宣誓仪式的几位在场人士的证词，抄录而成的。
By this oath, I Harold 我，哈罗德，谨此宣誓，
will be the representative of Duke William 将作为威廉公爵的代理人，
at the court of my lord, King Edward, 在我的主人，爱德华国王的宫廷里，
as long as he shall live. 直至他（威廉）的有生之年。
I shall do all in my power 我将尽我所能，
so that after Edward's death 在爱德华国王死后，
the kingdom of England be handed to him. 把英格兰王位，交给他（威廉）。
伸出你的手来，我接受你为我的封臣。
愿上帝的旨意达成！
1066年，一月，伦敦
Back in London, Harold soon witnessed the last moments of Edward the Confessor. 回到伦敦不久，哈罗德目睹了，忏悔者爱德华的临终时刻。
Who, on his deathbed, entrusted the kingdom of England to Harold. 他临终前，将英格兰王国，托付给哈罗德。
He was a weak king who had promised his throne to several figures. 他是一个软弱的国王，把他的王位让给了几个人。
So much so, that several figures might feel legitimate. 以至于，这几位人士都认为，自己有继承王位的合法性。
We have reason to think that at the last moment, the moment of his death, 我们有理由认为，在他死的最后一刻， （弗朗索瓦丝.内沃，下诺曼底大区，卡昂大学中世纪历史教授）
he designated Harold as his successor, 他指定哈罗德为继承人，
as the tapestry shows. 就像挂毯上显示的那样。
Edward died on January 5th,and the very next day Harold had himself crowned king. 爱德华于1月5日去世，第二天，哈罗德就加冕为国王。
The news traveled very fast in England,and immediately went to Normandy, 消息在英格兰传播得很快，并立即传到了诺曼底，
thanks to the great number of spies on English soil. 这要感谢，在英格兰领土上的大量间谍。
So William was quickly informed. 威廉很快就得到了消息。
爱德华死了。
哈罗德不顾他的诺言，加冕为王了。
这个篡位者...
叛徒...
篡位者！
叛徒！
One can ask whether Harold really did go back on his word. 人们可以会问，哈罗德是否真的食言了。
Some dispute it, but it does merit discussion. 有些人对此有争议，但它确实值得讨论。
There are in fact quite a few sources on the subject from the quills of medieval authors. 事实上，中世纪作家的羽毛笔中，有不少关于这个主题的资料。
Penned in a scriptoria of monasteries, 他们被封闭在修道院中的缮写室中，
among them William of Poitiers, William of Jumieges 这些人中有，普瓦捷的威廉，瑞米耶日的威廉，
and the Anglo-Norman monk Orderic Vitalis. 还有盎格鲁-诺曼的修道士，奥尔德里克·维塔利斯。
And we have another version, 我们还有另一个版本，
that of Wace, a Norman author 一个名叫瓦斯的诺曼底学者，
who wrote the "Roman de Rou." 他写了《诺曼编年史》。
Wace's account was written a century after the events. 瓦斯的描述是在，该事件发生一个世纪后，写成的。
But he relied on the testimony of his father, 但他依赖于他父亲的陈述，
who was present at the Battle of Hastings, 他父亲在黑斯廷斯战役中在现场，
and gives us information that we don't get from other sources. 给了我们，从其他渠道得不到的信息。
The duke was delighted. 公爵当时很兴奋。
He was happy with the flag and the permission given him by the pope. 他对这面旗帜，和教皇给他的许可，很满意。
He sent for blacksmiths and carpenters. 他派人，请来铁匠和木匠。
Building materials were hauled in. 造船材料被运进来。
Wood brought, dowels were shaped,planks were planed,boats and ships were fitted out. 木材运来了，钉子做好了，木板刨好了，船也装好了。
Sails were set, masts were mounted. 帆已经挂上了，桅杆也立起来了。
A lot of bodies were busied,lots of money spent. 很多人忙得不可开交，耗资巨大。
It took the whole summer and harvest time to fit out the fleet and raise the troops. 花了整个夏天和收获季节，用来装备舰队和集结部队。
In the second half of April,and exceptional event happened in the western sky. 就在四月下旬，西面的天空，发生了一件异常的事情。
这样的天空预示着什么？
我不知道。
你怎么回事？弗莱明。
We now know it was Halley's Comet. 我们现在知道，那是哈雷彗星的出现。
It shone in the sky for a fortnight, 它在天空中闪耀了两个星期，
to the people of the time 对当时的人们来说，
it foretold of a calamity, 它预示着一场灾难，
a shift in the destiny of kingdoms. 预示着王国命运的转变。
心怀上帝，遇见再大的邪恶，也不怕！
The presence of Taillefer,a rather excitable character, 泰勒弗出现了，他是个相当令人激动的人物，
endlessly shouting "The Song of Roland," 不断地大声喊着《罗兰之歌》中的诗句，
was recorded by Wace the Norman historian. 这事被诺曼底的历史学家瓦斯，记录了下来。
但我是杜兰达！
Taillefer, who sang so well,preceded the duke singing of the exploits of Charlemagne, 泰勒弗吟诵得很好，在公爵面前，唱出了查理曼大帝的功绩，
Roland and his vassals who died at Mount Savoy. 歌颂了罗兰骑士，和他那些，战死在萨伏伊山的封臣们。
这曾经是一名好战士的剑。
Still playing at war,but not yet with any conviction, 战争还在继续，但还没有坚定的信念，
William moved his pawns further north to Saint Valery in the Baie de la Somme 威廉将他的部卒进一步向北转移到，索姆湾的圣瓦莱里，
still waiting for a favorable wind. 仍然在等待有利的风向。
人们都是从大老远的地方来投效你的。
他们士气正旺，不行动会严重损伤士气。
部队不满情绪正在滋长...
这些人都是志愿来投效的。
不干就滚。我不在乎，力量被削弱。
你要么，把远征的日期推迟到明年春季，
要么，我们明天就登船。
否则，你将耽误几个月的大好时机，迎来惨败！
来春也太晚了。
明天又太早了。
要想渡海成功，我们必须还得等待。
William stayed two weeks in the Baie de la Somme, 威廉在索姆湾呆了两周，
and waited for a favorable blowing from the English side. 等待着来自英格兰的有利风向。
On the morning of September 28th,the wind turned and allowed William to embark. 9月28日上午，风向好转，威廉登了船。
我的朋友们，
上帝已经决定了，公正地赐予了我们时机！
For a historian who has dedicated his life to the saga of William, 对于一位毕生致力于威廉传奇的历史学家来说，
the crossing of the channel by the Norman armada 此时诺曼人的“无敌舰队”横渡英吉利海峡，
remains a moment to be endlessly pondered and reimagined. 仍然是一个值得不断思考，和重新想象的时刻。
女士们，先生们，列车将进入英吉利海峡隧道。
穿过海峡隧道时间约为20分钟。
我的朋友们，
是时候了。
诸君该去建功立业了。
诺曼人，你们准备好了吗？
上帝保佑我们！
Pull. 拉。
Nobody expected the Norman landing. 没人料到诺曼人会登陆。
That was part of William's plan. 这是威廉计划的一部分。
He knew that Harold had sent all his troops north to face the Norwegians. 他知道哈罗德已将所有军队派往北方，与挪威人对峙。
And at Stamford Bridge, on September 25th,there was a terrible battle 9月25日，在斯坦福桥，发生了一场可怕的战斗，
where virtually all the Norwegians were slaughtered. 几乎所有的挪威人，都被屠杀了。
William took advantage of this absence of troops in the south to land unhindered. 威廉利用，英格兰南部没有军队的机会，顺利登陆。
1066年九月28日，佩文西海湾
He landed on Pevensey Beach. 他在佩文西的海滩登陆。
The next day, the infantry set off across the fields, 第二天，步兵出发穿过田野，
while William's fleet made for a little harbor at the foot of Hastings cliffs. 威廉的舰队，则驶向黑斯廷斯悬崖脚下的一个小港口。
From that point on,the little village of Hastings 从那时起，黑斯廷斯这个小村庄，
has owed its universal renown through the ages to William. 就因威廉而闻名于世。
On the English side, the men with long hair gathered by the famous gray apple tree. 在英国这边，留着长发的男人，聚集在那棵著名的灰色苹果树旁。
Tired, but galvanized by their victory against the Norwegians, 虽然疲惫不堪，但战胜挪威人的胜利，鼓舞了他们，
they readied themselves to take up arms yet again. 他们准备，再次拿起武器。
The army of King Harold was akin to what we normally considered to be the feudal army. 哈罗德国王的军队，类似于我们通常认为的，封建军队。
There were two main parts to it,one were his own household, 这要分成两个部分，一个是来自他自己的家族，
which was essentially the aristocracy of England who held their land on the basis 他们主要是以拥有土地的英格兰贵族为主， （爱德华.英庇，利兹市皇家后备役部队主管总监）
of military service and personal loyalty to King Harold, 他们个人效忠于哈罗德，并为他出征，
and they are usually called the Housecarls of the king. 他们通常被称为“国王侍卫队”。
But crucially in battle they didn't fight on horseback like calvary normally would fight. 但关键是在战斗中，他们不会像骑兵一样，通常在马背上作战。
They dismounted and they fought with a sword and the axe, like the Norman infantry. 他们会下马，用剑和斧头作战，就像诺曼人的步兵一样。
Alongside the Housecarls, there was the Anglo-Saxon word fyrd. 除了家臣外，还有盎格鲁-萨克逊人的民兵组织。
In other words, the feudal levies when the words are linked, 换句话说，以服兵役代替缴税，当这两个词联系在一起的时候，
who were the normal country people of England, 他们是英格兰普通的乡下人，
who owed their own tenure to their lords who owed their tenure to the king. 他们的土地属于他们的领主，而领主的土地属于国王。
They had the duty of turning out for so many months, or so many weeks every year to fight for the king. 他们有义务，每年出征几个月或几个星期，为国王而战。
Now one of the problems with Harold's army as indeed with feudal armies later on, 哈罗德军队的问题之一和后来的封建军队一样
is that that right only lasted for six weeks or two months. 这个权利只持续了六周或两个月。
So there's a point at which the fyrd was called,was assembled, was ready to fight 所以在某个时刻，民兵被召集起来，集合起来，准备战斗，
and after so many months they went home again. 几个月后他们又要回家了。
So Harold had some limitations there. 所以，这对哈罗德来说，有一些局限。
It's probable that if Harold had waited 如果哈罗德能等上
two, three, four days,and no more than that 两，三，四天，甚至更久的时间
to assemble a force that was significantly bigger and significantly better rested, 来集结一支，比他在黑斯廷斯的军队，
than the force he actually fielded at Hastings, 更强大，更完善的军队，
then he might have triumphed and English history would look rather different. 那么他可能会取得胜利，英格兰的历史将会完全不同。
1066年十月14日，黑斯廷斯之战
The English were shrewdly encamped at the top of the hill, 英国人精明地在山顶扎营，
which overlooked the plain by some 40 meters. 从山顶可以俯瞰平原约40米。
And William had naturally camped at the foot of this hill to be able to manuver. 威廉很自然地在山脚下扎营，以便能在那里获得机动。
威廉大人，
长久以来，我一直对您忠心耿耿。
作为回报，我想提出恳请：
请让我在战斗中，首发出阵。
去吧，泰勒弗。
要不然，就是我欠你的了。
如果你战死，我们将歌颂你的光荣。
泰勒弗！泰勒弗！泰勒弗！
The battle began at nine in the morning as William de Poitiers tells us. 普瓦捷的威廉告诉我们，战斗开始于上午9点。
The Normans first deployed their archers. 诺曼人首先部署了弓箭手。
They sent them in as close as possible, 他们把他们派到尽可能近的地方，
but hardly were they within an arrow's range, 但是这还是，在他们的弓箭射程之外，
around 40 to 50 meters, 大约有40到50米，
then spears rained down on them from the hill 接着，山上的投矛，如雨点般向他们射来，
killing a good many men. 杀死了好多人。
William saw then he would obtain nothing with his archers, 威廉意识到，他的弓箭手毫无用处，
and sent in his infantrymen. 就派出了他的步兵。
The battlefield sheds light on the customs of the time. 战场揭示了当时的习俗。
We find that William's half brother Odo,swapped his cassock for a chain mail suit. 我们发现，威廉的同父异母的弟弟奥德，把他的袈裟换成了锁子甲。
As a bishop he didn't have the right to shed blood,so his sword was forbidden. 作为主教，他没有权利屠杀，所以他的剑，是被禁止的。
But a club was tolerated. 但使用棍棒，是允许的。
For around one and half to two hours, 在大约一个半到两个小时内，
William had both his infantry and calvary attack the hill. 威廉让他的步兵和骑兵进攻山丘。
But they couldn't gain a foothold,as they were hindered by the hail of spears 但他们无法站稳脚跟，因为他们被英国人投掷的
and chaffs of all kinds,hurled by the English. 各种各样的长矛和绊马钉所阻挡。
William de Poitiers, William the Conqueror's biographer, 普瓦捷的威廉，征服者威廉的传记作者，
said the cloud of projectiles was so dense it blocked out the sun's rays. 说弹丸云太密集了，遮住了太阳光线。
Perhaps an exaggeration for the sake of the epic, 也许出于史诗的考虑，这有点夸张，
but it shows that the English were able to keep the Normans at bay. 但这表明，英格兰人能够将诺曼人赶回海湾。
And that's what they did for the first couple of hours. 这就是他们最初几个小时所做的。
What happened next was an incident stemming from a bold manuever that the Breton's 接下来发生的是，由布列塔尼人发起的大胆行动，
were charged with performing. 他们佯装冲锋了。
They advanced as close as possible to the English flank, 他们开始接近英军侧翼，
and at a given moment they provoked what is known as a feigned flight. 在一个约定的时刻，他们引发了所谓的“假逃跑”。
It was a ruse. 这是策略性的。
William's soldiers appeared to turn back, 威廉的战士们表现出，要扭头回去了，
to retreat from the shield wall of the Anglo-Saxon Housecarls, 就在盎格鲁-萨克逊侍卫队的“盾牌墙”前撤退了，
which hitherto had been impregnable. 迄今为止，它们都被认为，是不可攻破的。
So the pretense on the part of the Normans to give up, to retreat, to runaway 部分的诺曼人假装放弃，撤退，逃跑，
tested the discipline of the Anglo-Saxon army to breaking point. 这将是，考验盎格鲁-撒克逊军队的纪律的，关键时刻。
And there was a moment when they broke their wall, 有一段时间，他们的“盾牌墙”散开了，
they ran down the hill and of course by doing that 纷纷跑下了山，他们这样做，
they exposed themselves to attack by men on horses armed with lances, 就暴露在骑在马背上，手持长矛的敌人的攻击下，
and were extremely vulnerable. 这就，他们就变得非常脆弱了。
William, who had advanced on his horse 威廉策马前驱，
to direct the highly delicate feigned flight manuever, 准备指挥那次高度精巧的“假逃跑”，
was held up because his horse was killed by an English spear. 但他受阻了，因为他的马，被一支英国长矛刺死了。
The horse collapsed and rolled on top of William the Conqueror. 那匹马倒下了，压在了“征服者威廉”身上。
William's fall became one of the great dramatic moments of the Battle of Hastings. 威廉的跌落，成为黑斯廷斯战役中，最具戏剧性的时刻之一。
As a knight, it's something you'd be keen to tell your beloved when you were reunited after the fighting. 身为一名骑士，在战后荣归时，你将急切地告诉你的爱人，所发生的事情。
Here William becomes his own historian. 这次，威廉自己成了历史学家。 （征服者威廉对玛蒂尔达说的话）
他们以为我死了。
我的勇敢的布列塔尼盟军假装逃跑，以显得我军失败了。
我不得不赶快介入，以防灾难真的发生，
不能让我们的人马，白白损失掉。
我必须扭转命运的潮流。
我站了起来，不容我多说，
一脚踹倒我身边的骑手，翻身骑上了他的马。
It was as if nothing else existed but the epic of a hero, 仿佛除了英雄的史诗，什么都不存在，
whom fate has pitched alone against the world. 命运将这单独地，摆放在世人的眼前。
上帝保佑我们！
我摘掉了我的头盔，
让大家看到我还活着。
你们大家，都看我！
上帝保佑我，我必胜！
你们现在要是逃离胜利而失败，将承受长期的耻辱。
你们撤退的路，会在哪里？
如果你们逃了，也没人能逃脱死神！
这样，逃跑被扭转了。
And probably a new phase began then. 也许，一个新时代从此开始了。
Identical to the first, that is, 与开战时一样，
that William relaunched his archers, 威廉重新派出了他的弓箭手，
his infantry and his cavalry. 他的步兵，和他的重装骑兵。
And we can say that from one or two o'clock until three in the afternoon, 我们可以说，从一两点到下午三点，
William met with the same failure. 威廉同样遭遇了失败。
They needed to clear the battlefield, 他们需要清理战场，
to take away the corpses, the dead horses,the wounded. 清理尸体、死马和伤员。
To restock with weapons, spears, arrows and all kinds of lances. 补充武器，矛，箭和各种长矛。
They also had to regroup a certain number of forces to enable them to mount another attack. 他们还必须重新组织一定数量的部队，以使他们能够发动另一次进攻。
One of the problems with Harold's army was the lack of archers. 哈罗德军队的问题之一就是，缺少弓箭手。
And it's very difficult to explain that because archery was a perfectly common thing 这很难解释，因为射箭在英格兰，和在诺曼底一样
in England just as it was in Normandy. 是非常普遍的事情。
And one of the, not strategic but tactical advantages 我们都知道，威廉的一大优势，不是战略上的，
William had, as we all know, was the large company of archers 而是战术上的，就是他带来的
he brought with him,and the effect they had on the battle. 大批弓箭手，以及他们在战斗中发挥的作用。
If we look carefully at the Bayeux Tapestry, we see that there's 如果我们仔细看“贝叶挂毯”，我们会看到
a character called Harold who gets an arrow in the eye. 一个叫哈罗德的人物，眼睛中了一箭。
And just next to him,is a knight amputating another character's leg. 就在他旁边，有个骑士正在截掉另一个角色的腿。
That's a second representation of Harold. 这是哈罗德的第二种表现形式。
And once the king was dead,the idea of the state in Anglo-Saxon England 一旦国王死了，盎格鲁-撒克逊人的英格兰的国家观念
was not strong enough to hold this mass of people together. 就不足以，将民众团结在一起。
So with the death of the king,all loyalty to a common cause breaks apart and disintegrates. 因此，随着国王的去世，所有对共同事业的忠诚，都分崩离析了。
And at that point, the dispersal of the English army is inevitable. 到那时，英格兰军队的溃散，是不可避免的。
There's no one there to hold them together. 没有人能把他们团结在一起了。
The king and his two brothers have both been killed,and the Normans rule the field. 国王和他的两个兄弟都被杀了，诺曼人控制着战场。
It is hard to evaluate losses on either side. 很难评估双方的损失。
We know both sides suffered severe losses, 我们知道，双方都损失惨重，
probably around 3,000 dead on the English side, 英军阵亡约3000人，
2,000 dead among the Normans, Bretons and French. 诺曼人，布列塔尼人和法兰西人联军，阵亡2000人。
So it was probably a very hard battle, 所以，这可能是一场，非常艰苦的战斗，
which lasted from nine in the morning until six in the evening. 从早上9点，一直持续到晚上6点。
It was one of the great battles of the Middle Ages, which obviously changed the fate of England. 这是中世纪最伟大的战役之一，显然改变了英格兰的命运。
From that moment on,instead of hurrying towards London, 从那一刻起，威廉没有急着赶往伦敦，
William made an encircling manuever. 而是采取了围剿的策略。
Continuing his butchery and setting fires to terrorize the population. 继续他的屠杀和纵火，来恐吓民众。
And what he expected to happen happened. 他所期待的发生了。
The aristocrats and the inhabitants of London came out to surrender when William approached the city. 威廉接近伦敦时，伦敦的贵族和居民纷纷出来投降。
Here the sources differ quite significantly. 这里的来源和出处，有很大的不同。
And my own belief is that London didn't surrender as easily as it is usually assumed. 我个人认为，伦敦并没有像人们通常认为的那样，轻易投降。
And that there was actually a siege of London, 当时伦敦是被围攻的，
in other words London was captured by assault and not simply by surrender. 也就是说，伦敦是被攻占的，而不是简单的投降。
So the Roman walls of London and defended 所以，伦敦还有的罗马城墙的保护，以及
by the Anglo-Saxon nobility in support of Edgar the Etheling, 由艾瑟林家族的埃德加，支持的盎格鲁撒克逊贵族的抵抗，
the Anglo-Saxon claimant to the throne once Harold was dead put up a pretty fierce resistance. 在哈罗德战死后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人进行了激烈的抵抗，索还王权。
It's slightly surprising that we don't hear more about the siege of London in the chronicles. 我们在编年史中，没有听到更多关于伦敦围城的故事，这有点令人惊讶。
And the really sad thing is that the Bayeux Tapestry is cut off at the wrong moment. 真正可悲的是，“贝叶挂毯”在错误的时间，被不合事实地剪掉了。
And I suspect it's true that the Bayeux Tapestry 我怀疑“贝叶挂毯”上，真的
actually had another 20 foot showing 还应有20英尺长，展示了
the capture of London in the end of it. 伦敦被攻占，及它的结局。
A dizzying example of sagas propaganda,the tapestry made no mention 作为一个使人迷惑的传奇宣传例子，挂毯没有提及
of any looting, rape and murder by the Norman army. 诺曼军队的任何抢劫、强奸和谋杀。
It omitted the bloody siege of London 它省略了伦敦的血腥围攻，
and consigned to oblivion the moving coronation of William on the throne of England, 也让威廉登上英国王位的动人加冕仪式被遗忘， （1066年十二月24日，威斯敏斯特大教堂）
which was nonetheless carefully rehearsed and staged to avoid any mishap. 尽管这一仪式，是经过精心排练和安排的，以避免任何不幸。
最圣明的威廉，
伟大的带来和平的国王，
我忠实地以上帝之名保证，为你加冕为王！
我忠实地...
你明白为什么，你要用英语学习这些经文吗？
接下，你走上王座等待
阿尔德雷德阁下给你端来
权杖和王冠。
拿权杖和王冠来...
且慢。
权杖和王冠可以等。
如果，你今晚迫不及待地，戴上它，
就如同打开大门，招致不幸。
Why did William want to come so much? 威廉为什么这么想来呢? （琳迪.格兰特，雷丁大学中世纪历史教授）
Why did he make this huge effort to capture England? 为什么他要花这么大力气，占领英格兰?
Because England was very rich. 因为英格兰非常富有。
The city of London was already very important international port. 伦敦城已经是非常重要的国际港口。
Because the kings of England had had to pay off the Dames all the time 应为历任英格兰的国王们，不得不总向丹麦人交付
with Dane gold, they were very good at raising taxes. “丹麦金”，他们非常擅于提高子民的税金。
They actually raised the money,revenues from their land. 他们实际上，是从他们的领地上筹集资金。
So it was a very attractive land for William. 所以这对威廉来说，是一块非常有吸引力的土地。
The population of London was the biggest of any English city. 伦敦是英国人口最多的城市。
So large areas within the Roman walls were open land, there were vegetable gardens,they were fields. “罗马城墙”内的大片区域，都是开阔的土地，有蔬菜园，也有田野。
There were churches,there was some vestige of the Roman street plan,but not very much. 那里有教堂，还有一些罗马时期的街道规划遗迹，但不是很多。
But actually, most of the commerce of London 但实际上，伦敦的大部分商业活动
took place in an area which was outside the walls, 都发生在城墙外的区域，
to the west of London, 那是伦敦以西的一个地区，
which is called by the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" 被《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》
and by archaeologists today, London Wick. 和今天的考古学家，称为“伦敦维克”。
And that is where the main center of commerce and population existed. 那里是商业活动和人口居住的主要中心。
And then just further west of that there was Westminister Palace. 再往西一点，就是“威斯敏斯特宫”。
And that's where the political power and the commercial power actually lay. 这就是政治权力和商业权力的所在。
As the city of London was a key piece of the puzzle, 由于伦敦城是关键的一块“拼图”，
heavily populated and William feared a revolt, 人口众多，威廉担心叛乱，
he immediately built fortifications. 他随即建造了防御工事。
The biggest was called the Tower of London. 最大的一座叫做伦敦塔。
It's an absolutely magnificent building. 这绝对是一座宏伟的建筑。
He builds it in the corner of the Roman wall at London. 他把它建在伦敦“罗马城墙”的角落里。
The corner, the eastern corner, 这个角落，东边的角落，
so that it dominates both the city 所以它不仅主宰着整个城市，
and it would be enormously dominate 而且对任何从泰晤士河
to anyone who approached London by ship 乘船来伦敦的人来说
up the river Thames. 都是巨大的主宰。
So they would come along the Thames,imagine merchants from the empire, 他们会沿着泰晤士河而来，想象一下来自拜占庭帝国的商人，
from Scandinavia and from France, 来自斯堪的纳维亚和法国的商人，
ambassadors coming from say the Emperor or Flanders. 来自皇帝或佛兰德斯的大使。
They would come up the Thames and they would see this magnificent building. 他们会沿着泰晤士河溯流而上，看到这座宏伟的建筑。
It was built out of carved stone,and we know that it was lime washed. 它是用雕刻的石头建造的，我们知道它是石灰刷白的。
That's why it was called the White Tower. 这就是为什么，它又被称为“白塔”。
The one side that wasn't magnificent was the north side,which didn't really matter. 不太壮观的一侧是北面，这并不重要。
And all the toilets were designed 所有的厕所都被设计成
so that they gave out onto the northside. 可以在北面的突出部使用。
So the entire tower, this magnificent white tower, 所以整座塔，这座宏伟的“白塔”，
but I'm afraid on the northside 但我担心，从塔北面
would have been rather spoiled 路人会看到，守卫垂下的长袍，
by the effects of guard robes. 从而，糟蹋了塔的立面效果。
But they didn't worry about that. 但他们似乎不担心这点。
What matters is the three facades that people were really suppose to see. 重要的是，人们真正应该看到的是，三个防御正面。
And it was tucked into a bit of the Roman wall. 它被融进“罗马城墙”的一部分。
He used the Roman wall, which still existed 威廉使用这些，依旧存在的“罗马城墙”，
almost as if William was Caesar. 就好像，如今的他，就是当年的凯撒。
And it's undoubtedly true that one of the reasons why the Norman conquest was a success, 毫无疑问，诺曼人征服成功的原因之一，
was the proliferation of castles during William's lifetime, 就是在征服后的头几年里，在威廉的有生之年，
during the first years after the conquest. 诺曼人的城堡数量激增。
On the initiative specially of the king 特别是在威廉国王
and his great nobles,such William FitzOsborne, 和他的大贵族们的倡议下，比如威廉·菲茨奥斯本，
William du Orand and so,and who built castles 威廉·杜·奥兰等，他们都建造了城堡
to control England in a very, very solid kind of way. 以及其稳固的手段，控制英格兰。
And their example was taken up 他们的榜样
by the lesser nobility,as decade followed decade 被小贵族们效仿，在威廉死后的几十年里，
after William's death more were built. 更多的建筑被建造起来。
And by 1100, it's believed that there about 500 castles in England. 到1100年，据说英格兰大约有500座城堡。
Whereas before 1066,there had been about five. 而在1066年之前，大约只有5座。
William's problem was that he couldn't be in Normandy and England at the same time. 威廉的问题是，他不能同时在诺曼底和英格兰，两头兼顾。
When he was in England,the Normans never actually rebelled 当他在英国时，诺曼底的诺曼人从未真正造反，
but often those from Le Mans, Auxerre and the Breton's did. 但勒芒、欧塞尔和布列塔尼人经常造反。
Conversely when he was in Normandy, 相反，当他在诺曼底时，
he managed to quell any revolt,but the Scots and the Welsh were busy attacking England. 他设法平息了任何叛乱，但苏格兰人和威尔士人，趁机忙于进攻英格兰。
There were insistent revolts. 他们的叛乱不断。
And the Norman yoke was mercilessly applied. 诺曼人无情地，对他们施加枷锁。
There were massacres,particularly in the north. 有屠杀，尤其是在英格兰北方。
And for three years,William went from one region to the next with an army to massacre the population. 三年来，威廉带着军队，从一个地区到另一个地区，大肆屠杀。
Sometimes an innocent population. 有时，是针对无辜的人群。
We can say that by 1072 order had been restored. 我们可以说，到1072年秩序已经恢复。
But it was an order imposed by terror. 但这是恐怖集权，强加的秩序。
William was becoming old. 威廉正在变老。
He'd grown fat and had lost the confidence of those around him. 他变胖了，周围的人对他失去了信心。
His half brother, Odo,was William the Conqueror's right hand man for years. 他同父异母的兄弟奥多，多年来一直是征服者威廉的得力助手。
Each time William came to Normandy,he played the role of viceroy,who governed in the name of the king. 每次威廉回到诺曼底时，他就变成了总督，以国王的名义进行统治（英格兰）。
So he was an important character. 所以，他是一个很重要的角色。
No doubt not well liked because he was very authoritarian. 毫无疑问，他不受欢迎，因为他非常专制。
He prized wealth and riches,but he nevertheless governed England efficiently. 他贪婪钱财和财产，但他仍然有效地，治理着英格兰。
But there came a time when he took to much liberty with the king. 但有一段时间，他对威廉国王太放肆了。
We're not absolutely sure of the circumstances, 具体情况，我们不太清楚，
but it seems he wanted to set off on his own expedition 但他似乎想要远征罗马，
to Rome, perhaps to overthrow the pope,perhaps to be elected pope. 也许是为了推翻当时的教皇，也许是为了让自己，被选为教皇。
We don't really know. 我们真的不清楚。
我的兄弟，
我那么地信任他，把我的王国托付给他，
他却压迫那些穷人。
就为了那些蝇头小利，
他蛊惑一大堆贵族不服从我。
When William found out, he was appalled. 威廉知道后，他气坏了。
The scene happened on the Isle of Wight,he was about to set sail 这一幕发生在怀特岛，他正准备起航，
and William caught him on the Isle of Wight, 威廉在怀特岛抓住了他，
and ordered that his brother be arrested as a rebel. 并下令以叛乱者的名义逮捕了他的弟弟。
给我拿下，这个破坏和平的家伙。
Nobody dared touch him because he was such an important figure. 没有人敢碰他，因为他是如此显贵的人物。
没有教皇的判决，任何人都不能碰一位主教。
So William himself seized his brother's shoulder and said, 于是，威廉亲自抓住他哥哥的肩膀说，
我没有逮捕主教，
但当时在肯特的教堂，是谁答应我（照看好我的王国）！
你们都退下吧！
And he was arrested,imprisoned in Rouen,and remained in prison until William's death. 他被逮捕，囚禁在鲁昂，直到威廉去世。
So for five years, from 1082 to 1087. 从1082年到1087年的五年。
你也一样，兰姆朗克。
His whole reign stretched over 20 years,between 1066 and 1086. 他的整个统治持续了20年，从1066年到1086年。
So has he came to the end of his reign,he felt the need to know his kingdom better. 他的统治已经走到了尽头，他觉得有必要，更好地了解他的王国的状况。
For all sorts of reasons. 因为有各种各样的原因。
In particular for fiscal reasons,to know what sums were owed 特别是在财政方面，他要搞清属下的
by such and such a lord,such and such an estate,or such and such a town. 某某贵族，某某庄园，某某城镇欠了多少钱。
So he preceded with a great survey. 所以他先做了一个大调查。
He sent his investigators to every county in England, 他派他的调查员，到英格兰的每个郡，
and the result of this survey was written down 调查的结果被记录在
in a great book, called in English, 一本伟大的书里，在英文里叫做
"The Domesday Book." 《末日审判书》。
Which means the book of the last judgement. 也就是最后裁决之书。
So King William was able to know his people down to the very last inhabitant. 所以威廉国王能够了解他的人民，直到最后一个庶民。
Like Christ at the final judgement. 就像基督在最后审判时一样。
"The Domesday Book" can also be summarized as a rather bizarre inventory. 《末日审判书》也可以被概括为，一个相当奇怪的清单。
Mr. Smith owns a dozen rabbits. 史密斯先生养了十几只兔子。
There are 2,500 pigs in Chester. 切斯特郡共有2500头猪。
Ms. Charleston's hens did not lay any eggs in the year of our Lord 1072. 查尔斯顿女士的母鸡，在1072年没有下蛋。
Three calfs drowned in Grimsby. 格里姆斯比城，有三只小牛被淹死了。
Mr. Wessing's 80 cows produces 1,000 liters of milk. 威辛先生的80头奶牛，能产1,000升牛奶。
There goes a horse. 有一匹马跑丢了。
The town Lewes has 412 inhabitants. 刘易斯镇有412名居民。
South Hampton, 5,433. 南汉普顿郡，有5433人。
Liverpool 2,987. 利物浦城有2987人。
On November 1st, 1083,Matilda died in Caen. 1083年11月1日，玛蒂尔达王后死于卡昂。
She was buried at the lady's abbey that she founded. 她被葬在，她建立的女修道院里。
This was dreadful news to William. 这对威廉来说，是个可怕的消息。
His faithful collaborator left him alone with conflicts to resolve. 他忠实的合作者，留下他独自一人，解决各种矛盾。
In particular, with one of his son's,the eldest Robert Curthose. 尤其是和他的一个儿子，大儿子罗伯特·科索斯的矛盾。
你打算什么时候去理发，儿子？
难道要我亲自给你理发吗？
In the autumn of his life, 在他垂老之际，
William entered into conflict with the king of France, 威廉卷入了与法兰西国王的矛盾中，
who was now Philip I, son of Henry I. 当今国王是菲利普一世，亨利一世的儿子。
Who wanted to win back part of the Vexin 他们想要赢回被诺曼人
that had been yielded to the Normans. 占领的维克斯湾。
This was a border region that had long been disputed between France and Normandy. 这是法兰西和诺曼底之间，长期存在争议的边境地区。
And in 1087, William attempted an operation to seize the Vexin. 1087年，威廉试图夺取维克森河。
法兰西国王说了什么？
威廉大人，法兰西国王已经得知了...
他知道了什么？
你再也不可能发动战争了，而且...
而且什么？
让你说点事，怎么那么费劲？
原谅我，威廉大人。
法兰西国王问我，“胖子威廉”是否还能生育后代。
等我去操办我的“安产谢恩礼”时，
我会去他的土地上去举办！
我要去巴黎圣母院举办，
带着一万支长矛，充当蜡烛进献！
During an expedition to the French Vexin, 在一次远征法兰西维克森的途中，
William had an accident. 威廉出事了。
His horse reared up and he was wounded in the stomach by the pommel of his saddle. 他的马直立起来，他的腹部，被马鞍的鞍辔撞伤了。
Transported to Rouen, his capital, 把他送回他的首府鲁昂，
it took him about a week to die. 他要不了一周，就要死了。
He retained his lucidity until the end. 他一直保持清醒，直到最后。
Orderic Vitalis had him deliver a long speech 奥尔德里克·维塔利斯让他发表了一篇长篇演讲，
in which he admitted all his faults, 在演讲中，他承认了自己所有的错误，
and distributed his inhertance. 并分配了他的遗产。
Choosing William Rufus, his younger son, 选择小儿子威廉·鲁弗斯
as his heir not his eldest son, Robert Curthose. 作为继承人，而不是长子罗伯特·科瑟斯。
So William was a politician until the very end. 威廉直到生命的最后一刻，都是政治家。
那顶王冠，我的儿子，
我无法亲自戴到你头上了
因为我不顾正义地，征服了英格兰。
According to Orderic Vitalis, 奥尔德里克·维塔利斯认为，
William owned up on his deathbed to conquering England unfairly. 威廉临终前，承认自己，不公正地征服了英格兰。
But this wasn't in William's nature. 但这不是威廉的天性。
He had to high an opinion of his mission 他必须对自己的使命和合法性
and his legitimacy to reassess his reign in this way. 有更高的评价，才能以这种方式，重新评估他的统治。
Particularly his conquest of England. 尤其是，他对英格兰的征服。
Here one must concede that Orderic Vitalis 在这里，人们必须承认，奥尔德里克·维塔利斯
perhaps added a little romance to the story. 可能为这个故事，增添了一点浪漫色彩。
我为自己获得的东西，
却付出了这么多罪恶的代价...
我将自己独自向上帝表白。
只有坎特伯雷大主教，能给你举行合法的加冕礼。
你要依靠大主教，来帮你做出决定。
他是最忠诚的人。
兰弗朗克总是忠实地为我服务。
他知道给你提什么样的建议。
这是什么声音？
是在做圣母弥撒，威廉。
愿圣母在她的圣子面前，赞许我。
At that moment, 就在那个时刻，
panic spread throughout the house. 恐慌传遍了整个宫殿。
All the barons fled, as well as the clerks. 所有的男爵和书记员，都吓得逃跑了。
The servants left, taking the crockery. 仆人们也拿着陶器罐，离开了。
William remained alone on his deathbed. 威廉孤身一人，躺在病床上。
1087年九月9日，鲁昂。
His body had to be taken by sea to Caen, 他的遗体必，须由海路运到卡昂，
as he wished to be buried in the abbey 因为他希望葬在他在卡昂
he founded in Saint Etienne du Caen. 圣艾蒂安建立的修道院里。
WIlliam's tomb contains yet another riddle. 威廉的坟墓里，还有另一个谜。
Why have the conqueror's say that he regretted claiming the throne of England? 为什么征服者说，他后悔夺取英格兰的王位?
Was this an intuition of what was to come? 这是对，即将发生的事情的直觉吗?
It is said, who can say if it's true, 据说，玛蒂尔达和威廉的鬼魂
that the ghost's of Matilda and William 有时会像迷失的灵魂一样
sometimes wander the throne room like lost souls. 在正殿里游荡，谁能说，这是不是真的呢。
But somethings we do know for certain, 但我们可以肯定的是，
that Normandy lost its sovereignty and was definitively incorporated 诺曼底公国在1204年失去了主权，
into the throne of France in 1204. 最终被纳入了，法兰西的王权。
That the Normans who had settled in England 在英格兰定居的诺曼人娶妻生子，
took wives and their descendants became English. 他们的后代成为英国人。
That 250 years after the death of William, 威廉死后250年，
England invaded Normandy launching a war that lasted 100 years. 英格兰入侵诺曼底，发动了一场持续了，一百年的战争。
And that in 1944, 878 years after William the British and their allies 1944年，也就是威廉878年后，英国人和他们的盟友
finally landed In Normandy, 终于在诺曼底登陆，
recreating the Normans exploit in the opposite direction 在相反的方向和更大的规模上
and on a far greater scale. 重现了诺曼人的壮举。
翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick